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Philosophical Logic II

Last update: 02/11/2025, 17.00
Contact: V.Goranko

Lecturer: Valentin Goranko

Teaching assistant: Milton Nyström Ernarp

Departmental course page

Schedule

Tentative course plan:

Not a final version. Updates will be made before and during the course.

Lecture 1

Date 03/11/2025

Main Topics

Introduction to the course.

Brief revision on:

-- Kripke models and possible worlds semantics for modal logics.

-- Deductive systems for normal modal logics. Axiomatic systems and (optionally, time permitting) semantic tableaux.

Recommended readings

Richard Zach, Boxes and Diamonds, Open Logic Project, Chapters 1, 2.1-2.6, 3, 6

Eric Pacuit, Lecture notes on modal Logic, Sect.1, 2, 3.1, 4

Stefan Wölfl, Introduction to Modal Logics, Lecture notes (July 22, 2015), Chapters 1, 2, 3.1-3.3, 5

Sara Negri, Proof theory for modal logic, Philosophy Compass, vol. 6, 2011, pp. 523-538. Sections 1-4.

Supplementary readings

Gary Hardegree, Introduction to Modal Logic, Ch.1,3,4

Ed Zalta, Basic Concepts of Modal Logic, Lecture notes, CSLI, Stanford University, Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4(§1-§3)

Johan van Benthem, "Modal Logic for Open Minds", Chapters 1. 2

James Garson, Modal Logic, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Sections 6-9

Handbook of Modal Logic. Elsevier (2007) (available electronically from the university library), Chapter: P. Blackburn and J. van Benthem, Modal Logic: a Semantic perspective.

Melvin Fitting, Modal Proof Theory, in: Handbook of Modal Logic, pp 85-138. Sections 1, 3, 5, 6

Melvin Fitting, Prefixed Tableaus and Nested Sequents, Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, vol. 163 (2012), pp. 291–313. Sections 1-3

Rajeev Goré, Tableau Methods for Modal and Temporal Logics, in: Handbook of Tableau Methods, pp 297-396. Sections 1-4.6, 4.14

Online tools:

For more practicing and fun with possible worlds semantics, go to this Modal Logic Playground

Slides to be posted on Athena

Introduction to the course

Revision of Kripke models and possible worlds semantics for modal logics

Deductive systems for normal modal logics.

Axiomatic systems and (optionally) semantic tableaux.

Exercises and selected solutions

To be posted on Athena

Assignments and deadlines

Lecture 2

Date 05/11/2025

Main Topics

Canonical models and completeness theorems for normal modal logics.

Finite model property and decidability of modal logics.

Optionally, time permitting: Filtration method.

Recommended readings

Richard Zach, Boxes and Diamonds, Open Logic Project, Chapter 4.

Stefan Wölfl, Introduction to Modal Logics, Lecture notes (July 22, 2015), Chapters 3, 4

Melvin Fitting, Modal Proof Theory, in: Handbook of Modal Logic, pp 85-138. Section 2

Supplementary readings

Ed Zalta, Basic Concepts of Modal Logic, Lecture notes, CSLI, Stanford University, Chapters 4(§4-§6), 5

Slides (To be posted on Athena)

Canonical models and completeness theorems for some basic modal logics.

Finite model property and decidability.

Optionally: filtration method.

Exercises and selected solutions

To be posted on Athena

Assignments and deadlines

Assignment 1 to be posted.

Lecture 3

Date 10/11/2025

Main Topics

Brief revision on multi-agent epistemic logics.

Public and private announcements.

Introduction to dynamic epistemic logic. Epistemic events and epistemic model updates.

Recommended readings

R. Fagin, J. Halpern, Y. Moses, M. Vardi, Reasoning About Knowledge, MIT Press, 1995. Chapters 1,2; pages 1-45

Chapter 12 of the book "Modal Logic for Open Minds" by Johan van Benthem (available from the SU library)

Chapter on Epistemic Logic from the book "Dynamic Epistemic Logic" by H. van Ditmarcsh, W. van der Hoek and B. Kooi, Ch 2.1, 2.2, 4

H. van Ditmarsch, J.Y. Halpern, W. van der Hoek, B. Kooi "An Introduction to Logics of Knowledge and Belief ". Chapter 1 in: Handbook of Epistemic Logic, College Publications, 2015, pp. 1-51.

H. van Ditmarcsh, W. van der Hoek and B. Kooi, Playing Cards with Hintikka - An Introduction to Dynamic Epistemic Logic

Eric Pacuit. Dynamic Epistemic Logic II: Logics of Information Change. Philosophy Compass, 8:9, pgs. 815 - 833, 2013.

Supplementary readings

H. van Ditmarcsh, W. van der Hoek and B. Kooi, Dynamic Epistemic Logic, Springer, Synthese Library series, 2008, Ch. 5,6

Online tools

Hintikka's world: an animated website for multi-agent epistemic logic. Lots of examples and exercises on epistemic puzzles.

Slides (to be posted on Athena)

Revision on epistemic logics.

Introduction to dynamic epistemic logic. Epistemic events and epistemic model updates.

Exercises and selected solutions: to be posted on Athena

Assignments and deadlines

Lecture 4

Date 12/11/2025

Main Topics

Brief revision on relevant implications and relevance logics.

Introduction to logics of conditionals.

Recommended readings

H. Arlo-Costa, The Logic of Conditionals, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

D. Edgington, “Indicative conditionals,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

W. Starr, “Counterfactuals” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Supplementary readings

Robert Stalnaker, A Theory of Conditionals. in: Ifs; W. Harper, R. Stalnaker and G. Pearce (eds), 1968 pp. 41-55

David Lewis, Counterfactuals and Comparative Similarity, Journal of Philosophical Logic 2(4), 1973, pp. 418-446,

Edgington, D., “Conditionals,” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2006 Edition)

Paul Egre and Mikael Cozic, Introduction to the Logic of Conditionals, ESSLLI 2008 Course material

Slides (to be posted on Athena after the lectures)

Introduction to logics of conditionals.

Exercises and selected solutions (posted on Athena)

Exercises on logics of conditionals.

Assignments and deadlines

Lecture 5

Date 17/11/2025

Main Topics

Brief revision on linear and branching time temporal logics.

Temporal epistemic logics.

Recommended readings

Valentin Goranko and Antje Rumberg, Temporal Logic, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

John Burgess, Philosophical Logic, Princeton University Press, 2009. Ch.2: Temporal Logic (2.1-2.8)

P. Øhrstrøm and Per Hasle, Temporal Logic: From Ancient Ideas to Artificial Intelligence. Kluwer, 1995. Reprinted by Springer. Chapters 2.1, 2.2

J. van Benthem, Tense logic and time. Notre Dame J. Formal Logic 25 (1984), no. 1, 1--16.

R. Fagin, J. Halpern, Y. Moses, M. Vardi, Reasoning About Knowledge, MIT Press, 1995. Chapter 4, pages 109-162

Supplementary readings

Yde Venema, Temporal Logic, chapter in: Lou Goble (ed), Blackwell Guide on Philosophical Logic, Blackwell Publishers, 2001, pp 203-211

Rob Goldblatt, Logics of Time and Computations, CSLI pubblications, 2nd revised and expanded edition, 1992. Chapters 6, 8.

Burgess, J., 1984, “Basic tense logic”, in Gabbay and Guenthner (eds.), Handbook of Philosophical Logic (Volume 2), Dordrecht: Reidel, pp. 89–133. New revised edition in: Handbook of Philosophical Logic , 2nd edition, Volume 7, Gabbay and Guenthner (eds.) (2002), pp. 1–42.

J. Halpern, R. van der Meyden, M. Vardi, Complete Axiomatizations for Reasoning about Knowledge and Time, SIAM Journal on Computing, 2004, Vol. 33, No. 3 : pp. 674-703.

Ron van der Meyden and Ka-shu Wong, Complete Axiomatizations for Reasoning about Knowledge and Branching Time, Studia Logica October 2003, Volume 75, Issue 1, pp 93–123.

Slides (To be posted on Athena)

Brief revision on linear and branching time temporal logics.

Temporal epistemic logics.

Exercises and selected solutions: To be posted on Athena

Lecture 6

Date 19/11/2025

Main Topics

Propositional dynamic logics of programs (PDL).

Recommended readings

D. Harel, D. Kozen, J. Tiuryn. Dynamic Logic, Chapter in: Handbook of Philosophical Logic, 2nd ed., 2002, vol. 4, pp. 99-218, Sections 1,2,4 (Provided on Athena)

Supplementary readings

1. J. van Benthem, H. van Ditmarsch, J. van Eijck, J. Jaspars, Logic in Action, Ch. 6.

2. Andre Platzer, Lecture Notes on Dynamic Logic

Rob Goldblatt, Logics of Time and Computations, CSLI pubblications, 2nd ed., 1992. Chapter 10

Slides (posted on Athena)

Introduction to PDL

Exercises and selected solutions (posted on Athena)

Exercises on PDL

Solutions to selected exercises on on PDL

Assignments and deadlines

Submission of assignment 1.

Assignment 2 to be posted.

Lecture 7

Date 24/11/2025

Main Topics

Normative reasoning and deontic logics.

Recommended readings

G. H. von Wright, Deontic Logic, Mind, Vol. 60, No. 237, 1951, pp. 1-15.

Paul McNamara, Deontic Logic, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Pablo Navarro and Jorge Rodríguez, Deontic Logic and Legal Systems, Cambridge University Press, 2014, Chapters 1 (1.3-1.5), 2 (available electronically from the SU library)

John Horty, Agency and Deontic Logic, Oxford UP, 2001, Chapters 3, 4. (available electronically from the SU library)

G. H. von Wright, On the Logic of Norms and Actions, in: New Studies in Deontic Logic Norms, Actions, and the Foundations of Ethics, R. Hilpinen (Ed.), Synthese, 1981 (available electronically from the SU library)

D. Føllesdal and R. Hilpinen. “Deontic Logic: An Introduction.” In: Deontic Logic: Introductory And Systematic Readings, R. Hilpinen (Ed), Reidel, Dordrecht, 1971, pp 1–35. (available electronically from the SU library)

Lennart Åqvist, “Deontic Logic.” In Gabbay and Guenthner, 2nd ed. vol. 8(2002), pp147–264. (First edition 1984) (also available electronically from the SU library)

Lennart Åqvist, Combinations of tense and deontic modality: On the Rt approach to temporal logic with historical necessity and conditional obligation, Journal of Applied Logic, vol. 3 (2005), pp.421–460

Supplementary readings

Slides (To be posted on Athena)

Normative reasoning and deontic logics.

Exercises and selected solutions

To be posted on Athena

Lecture 8

Date 26/11/2025

Main Topics

Modal logics of agency. `Seeing to it That' (STIT) theory.

Recommended readings

Nuel Belnap & Michael Perloff, Seeing to it that: a canonical form for agentives, Theoria 54 (3):175-199 (1988). A corrected version re-published in: Knowledge Representation and Defeasible Reasoning, (Loui Kyberg, Jr. and Carlson (eds.)), Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1990, pp. 167–90. (available electronically from the SU library)

John Horty and Nuel Belnap, The deliberative stit: a study of action, omission, ability, and obligation. J. of Phil. Logic, vol. 24 (1995), pp. 583 - 644

Supplementary readings

Burgess, J., 1984, “Basic tense logic”, in Gabbay and Guenthner (eds.), Handbook of Philosophical Logic (Volume 2), Dordrecht: Reidel, pp. 89–133. New revised edition in: Handbook of Philosophical Logic , 2nd edition, Volume 7, Gabbay and Guenthner (eds.) (2002), pp. 1–42.

Nuel Belnap, Michael Perloff and Ming Xu, Facing the Future: Agents and Choices in Our Indeterminist World. Oxford University Press, 2001. (available electronically from the SU library)

Brian Chellas, Time and Modality in the Logic of Agency, Studia Logica, vol 51. 1992, pp. 485-517

Mark A. Brown: On the logic of ability. J. Phil. Logic 17(1), 1988, pp. 1-26

Jan M. Broersen, Andreas Herzig: Using STIT Theory to Talk About Strategies. in: Models of Strategic Reasoning: Logics, Games and Communities, J. van Benthem, S. Ghosh, R. Verbrugge (eds.), Springer, LNCS/FoLLI series, vol. 8972, 2015, pp. 137-173. Sections 1, 2, 3.1

Slides (to be posted on Athena)

Modal logics of actions and agency. `Seeing to it That' (STIT) theory.

Exercises and selected solutions: To be posted on Athena

Assignments and deadlines

Lecture 9

Date 01/12/2025

Main Topics

Logics for strategic reasoning in multi-agent systems.

Recommended readings

M. Pauly, A Modal Logic for Coalitional Power in Games, Journal of Logic and Computation, Volume 12, Issue 1, 2002, pp. 149-166.

M. Pauly and W. van der Hoek, Modal logic for games and information, in: Handbook of Modal Logic, Elsevier, 2007, pp 1077-1148

Ågotnes, V. Goranko, W. Jamroga, and M. Wooldridge: Knowledge and Ability, chapter in: Handbook of Epistemic Logic, College Publications, 2015, pp. 543-589. Chapter 9

Supplementary lecture notes (uploaded on Athena), Chapter 7.

Supplementary readings

S. Demri, V. Goranko, M. Lange: Temporal Logics in Computer Science, CUP, 2016, Chapter 9

R. Alur, T.A. Henzinger, and O. Kupferman. Alternating-time temporal logic. Journal of the ACM 49:672-713, 2002 Sections 1-3.

Nils Bulling, Valentin Goranko, Wojciech Jamroga: Logics for reasoning about strategic abilities in multi-player games, in: Models of Strategic Reasoning: Logics, Games and Communities, J. van Benthem, S. Ghosh, R. Verbrugge (eds.), Springer, LNCS/FoLLI series, vol. 8972, 2015, pp. 93--136.

Sebastian Enqvist and Valentin Goranko, Socially Friendly and Group Protecting Coalition Logics in: Proc. of the 17th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS'2018), IFAAMAS publ., 2018.

Slides (to be posted on Athena)

Logics for strategic reasoning in multi-agent systems with perfect information.

Exercises: Supplementary notes (To be posted on Athena), Section 8.5, pp 137-140, exercises: 61, 64, 66, 67

Selected solutions: To be posted on Athena

Assignments and deadlines

Lecture 10

Date 03/12/2025

Main Topics

Temporal and epistemic logics for strategic reasoning in multi-agent systems with imperfect information.

Recommended readings

Ågotnes, V. Goranko, W. Jamroga, and M. Wooldridge: Knowledge and Ability, chapter in: Handbook of Epistemic Logic, College Publications, 2015, pp. 543-589. Chapter 9

Supplementary readings

W. van der Hoek and M.J.W. Wooldridge, Cooperation, Knowledge, and Time: Alternating- time Temporal Epistemic Logic and its Applications, Studia Logica,75:1, pp. 125 – 157, 2003.

Slides (to be posted on Athena)

Temporal and epistemic logics for strategic reasoning in multi-agent systems with imperfect information.

Exercises and selected solutions (to be posted on Athena)

Assignments and deadlines

Submission of assignment 2.

Assignment 3 to be posted.

Lecture 11

Date 08/12/2025

Main Topics

Some philosophical problems of the interaction between modality and quantification. First-order modal logics (FOML). Formal semantics of FOML. Possibilist and actualist semantics. Models and logics with constant and variable domains. Barcan formulae.

Recommended readings

W. Quine, Three Grades of Modal Involvement, in: the Proceedings of the Xlth Intern. Congress of Philosophy, Brussels, 1953, Volume 14 (Available electronically from the SU library)

R. Ballarin, Quine on intensional entities: Modality and quantification, truth and satisfaction, Journal of Applied Logic 10 (2012) 238–249. (Available on Athena)

Melvin Fitting, First order alethic modal logic, A Companion to Philosophical Logic, Blackwell, 2002, pp. 410--421

Melvin Fitting and Richard L. Mendelsohn, First-order modal logic, Kluwer, Synthese Library, 1998, Chapter 4, 6-12, (available electronically from the SU library)

Sten Lindström & Krister Segerberg, Modal Logic and Philosophy, chapter in: P. Blackburn & J. van Benthem (eds.), Handbook of Modal Logic. Elsevier (2007), Section 1: Alletic modal logic. (available electronically from the SU library)

George Hughes and Max Cresswell, A new introduction to modal logic, Routledge, 1996. Ch 13, pp 235-255; Ch 15, pp 274-287. (available electronically from the SU library)

Supplementary readings

M. Cresswell, Rudolf Carnap: Modal Logic, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

R. Carnap, Modalities and Quantification, J. of Symb. Logic, Vol. 11, Nr 2, 1946. (Available on Athena)

James Garson, Modal Logic, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Gary Hardegree, Introduction to Modal Logic, Ch.6,8,9,10

Melvin Fitting, Barcan Both Ways, Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics, Vol. 9, Issue 2-3, 1999, pp. 329-344.

Ted Sider, Logic for Philosophy, OUP, 2010, (available from the SU library), Chapter 9.

Ed Zalta, Basic Concepts of Modal Logic, Lecture notes, CSLI, Stanford University, Chapter 6

Francesco Belardinelli, Counterpart Semantics for Quantified Modal Logic, 2007

Horacio Arló-Costa and Eric Pacuit, First-Order Classical Modal Logic, Studia Logica, 2006, 84(2):171-210

Torben Braüner and Silvio Ghilardi, First-order modal logic, Chapter 9 in: Handbook of Modal Logic, Elsevier, 2007, pp. 549-620 (available electronically from the SU library)

Nuel Belnap and Thomas Mueller, CIFOL: Case-Intensional First Order Logic (I). Toward a Theory of Sorts, J. Philos Logic (2014) 43:393–437

Slides (to be posted on Athena)

Introduction to first-order modal logics (FOML).

Exercises and selected solutions (to be posted on Athena)

Exercises on first-order modal logics

Assignments and deadlines

Lecture 12

Date 10/12/2025

Main Topics

First-order epistemic logics.

First-order temporal logics.

Conclusion of the course.

Recommended readings

R. Fagin, J. Halpern, Y. Moses, M. Vardi, Reasoning About Knowledge, MIT Press, 1995. Chapter 3.7 pages 80-91.

Adam Grove, Naming and identity in epistemic logic. Part II: a first-order logic for naming, Artificial Intelligence 74 (1995), pp. 31l-350

Valentin Goranko and Antje Rumberg, Temporal Logic, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Section 8

Supplementary readings

Jaakko Hintikka, Knowledge and Belief - An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions, Cornell UP, 1962, Ch.6 (available from Athena)

F. Belardinelli and A. Lomuscio, Quantified epistemic logics for reasoning about knowledge in multi-agent systems, Artificial Intelligence 173 (2009), pp. 982–1013

Fred Kröger, First-Order Temporal Logic, Chapter in: Temporal Logic of Programs, EATCS Monographs on Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 8, pp 43-53

Slides (to be posted on Athena)

Introduction to first-order epistemic logics (FOEL).

Introduction to first-order temporal logics (FOTL).

Exercises and selected solutions (to be posted on Athena)

Exercises on first-order epistemic logics

Exercises on first-order temporal logics

Assignments and deadlines

Submission of assignment 3: December 17

Final meeting

Date 12/01/2026

Feedback on assignment 3 and final meeting.

Course details

Schedule

Departmental course page and course plan

Departmental course page


Link to course plan

Consulting time

By appointment

Lecture notes, handouts, and other reading material

Lecture notes, slides and other reading material will be provided on Athena or linked to this page on an ongoing basis.

Exercises

List of exercises will be provided on a weekly basis, usually taken from the lecture notes and handouts. Students are advised to do as many exercises on each topic as they need to master it. Solutions or hints to some selected exercises will be provided and will be discussed in the discussion time before and during the lectures.

Assignments and final grade

There will be 2 mandatory written assignments during the course, each consisting of a set of exercises. The assignments will be provided about 2 weeks before the submission deadline. Students must do these exercises individually and prepare written reports with their solutions.

Additional readings and exercises

Readings

General on philosophical logic

On generic modal logics

On dynamic epistemic logics

On temporal logics

On logics for ability, actions, agency and STIT

On first-order modal ogics

Queries

If you have any queries on the information above, talk to me or send me an email.

Mail to V.Goranko